The broad term pahari painting includes paintings from Basohli, Mankot, Nurpur To distinguish the royalty from the commoners, the dress, visage and facial expressions are used as probable tools. A good number of miniature paintings of Basohli style the highest quality involving exquisite workmanship were produced in this period. The term is used to refer to anything and anyone who belongs to the mountains or to the people and region living in the Northern State, Himachal Pradesh, in India. His passion for miniature was never satiated. The latter was the contemporary of Rajah Sansar Chand of Kangra when the Pahari paintings reached their zenith. They are the Bal kaand, Ayodhya kaand, Aranya kaand, Kishkinda kand, Sunder kaand and Lanka kaand. Chadath Singh (1808- 1844 AD) continued giving protection to the paintings and other art forms. Bhagavata Purana and the love poems Gita Govinda by Jayadeva were the most popular subjects. The word Pahari means hilly in the local dialect. Because of the early rulers of Guler viz. I enjoyed your hub. Vasia was one of the most popular artists in the court of Raja Sansar Chand of Kangra state. The section and figures of the architecture are often painted separately in the square frame which makes the paintings simple but unique and attractive. The objects are not of proportionate sizes. The Chamba Chappal (Slippers), Himachali Chilgoza (Pine fruit) and other things are in the process of registration. Indian Pahadi paintings have been done mostly in miniature forms. He has created thousands of paintings in this style and several one-man shows were organized by different galleries and institutions to highlight the art pieces. He was fond of paintings, but it would have been still better had he directed the artists more rigorously. Lush greenery was one of the sticking features of the Kangra School. Each created stark variations within the genre, ranging from bold intense Basohli Painting, originating from Basohli in Jammu and Kashmir, to the delicate and lyrical Kangra paintings, which became synonymous to the style before other schools … They all followed uniform methods and their techniques were simple and indigenous. The Himachal Pradesh Patent Information Centre (HPPIC) and Himachal Pradesh Council for Science Technology and environment (HIMCOSTE) had come together for the Geographical Indication (GI) of Kangra Painting. Kangra witnessed the invasion of Mahmud Ghaznavi when he plundered the Indian plains in search of riches. Pahari literary means mountainous. Manku had two sons, Fattu and Kushal who migrated to Kangra. Ancient Indian folk painting and art styles have been passed down from generation to generation, and are still practised in different parts of the country. The female characters wear jewelry, while the males wear necklaces, earrings, and armbands. The miniature paintings of erstwhile states of Punjab Hills in India are known as Pahari painting. He was a man of aesthetic tastes with a deep understanding of literature. Then Manak, the great artist of the times was invited to display his acumen. Most of the paintings were destroyed in natural calamities, wars, fire etc. The registration under GI provides legal protection and helps to promote the export of the artifact. Gurbaksh Singh, Ramgarhia Jassa Singh, and Tej Singh. Despite these shortcomings, the enchanting Pahari paintings, especially of Kangra, still attract the scholars, art connoisseurs and the artists alike. Sanjay Sharma (author) from Mandi (HP) India on April 12, 2014: Thanks mylindaelliott for the visit and the comment. In 1780 AD, Ranjha, Gourhu and Nikka, the three sons of NainSukh, except the fourth son Kamu, reached the kingdom of Kangra from Guler. He was the younger son of Seu who was a Tarkhan or carpenter and not Seu pundit. The Mughal influence in paintings and murals of Chamba are clearly visible. One of the forefathers of Chandu Lal accepted the challenge and painted several elephants on a single grain. On the other hand, there are three objectives of the series of mythological paintings. In this school of paintings, Mola Ram emerged as the pioneer, though the names of his forefathers, Shyam Das, Hira Nand and Mangat Ram are also suggested by some art historians, Yet the critics are of the view that they were not the artists of such fine tastes, as to be included in the genre. Rajah Govardhan Chand (1743–1773), the ruler of Guler had already established a school of painting at Haripur at that time and he welcomed the painter and his family. Interview. Afterward, the young artists were allowed to try their imagination on canvas. He extensively portrayed his patron Rajah Balwant Singh of Jammu in all walks of life. But it was Rajah Parkash Chand (1773–1779), the prodigious son of Govardhan who patronized these artists to an extent that he even became bankrupt. Other artists whose works are attributed to Chamba School are Nain Sukh, Nikka, Godhu, Ram Lal, Harkhu, Lehru, Durga, Miyan Jara Singh etc. It belongs to the third quarter of the 18th century. The Pahari region comprises the present State of Himachal Pradesh, some adjoining areas of the Punjab, the area of Jammu in the Jammu and Kashmir State and Garhwal in Uttar Pradesh. Among the sons of Gourhu and Nikka were Sukhanu, Sutanu, Harkhu, Gokul, and Chhaja, who became popular in the durbars or courts of various hill states. Join 9500+ aspirants who receive out latest updates. This painting is representative of a Pahari village that may be seen in the heights of Himalayan. by artist “Manaku”. This fusion of local cultures and Mughal styles of paintings produced a glowing new form and style which is now known as Pahari Miniature. Situated in North India, Himachal Pradesh is a mountainous state. The names of two artists- Manku and Chaitu has been discussed by historians time and again. Pahari School of Miniature Painting The painting of this school is inspired by the Mughal School and the Rajasthani School of miniature paintings. According to many art historians, Manku, more or less the brother of Nain Sukh was the son of Seu, the head of the family of talented artists who migrated to Jammu hills in early 18th century. In 1929, J.C. French visited Kangra, and he discovered four Pahari artists viz. Love was the main theme of the paintings. Recently a workshop and exhibition were organized at Dharamsala for the protection, promotion, and preservation of Kangra style of painting. The artists of Pahari paintings had a similar and consistent style. There are also some artists who by their own efforts attained great success. Ami Chand Dhiman, his younger brother Hans Raj Dhiman and the grandson of renowned Billu Mistry all work independently to keep the traditions alive. The Kangra Arts Promotion Society is trying to promote the traditional valuable products and arts in the socio-economic development of rural artisans. These schools were later adjudged as supreme among all the Pahari styles. One example is a painting of “princes in the company of maids”. One of them carved an elephant on a tooth and gave it to the lord of Chamba. The whole of this area was divided into small States ruled by … Durga Saptshati too has been depicted and a painting related to the birth of Luv-Kush is also there. They practiced drawing different facial expressions on the wooden planks for years together and were supervised by the old ladies when the menfolk were generally out of the house attending their jobs in different courts. Kangra painting is the pictorial art of Kangra, named after Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, a former princely state, which patronized the art. These painting developed as well as flourished during the period of 17th to 19th century. Manku’s grandsons named Madho Malak and Kashi Ram were two artists of repute. Devidas, a local tarkhan or carpenter of Basholi painted the landmark illustrations of Rasa Manjari series in 1693 during the reign of Kripal Pal. Sanjay Sharma (author) from Mandi (HP) India on July 22, 2016: Thanks arti for the visit and the comment. and the peacock feather was used as a pencil. Kangra School of painting produced art in such magnitude that soon the Pahari Shoool of Painting became famous as the Kangra School of painting. Unlike Kangra paintings, this style shows a true understanding of the sense of space. I have been a college teacher and journalist. Unlike Basohli School, the figures and landscapes in Guler and Kangra style are perfect and natural. Gokal, the son of Nikka was a rich person by the dint of assets. The outlines were drawn in light reddish brown or grey-black colors and then a very thin and transparent coating was applied on the sketches. The Churning of the Ocean, Basohli, 1730 AD I. She is shown standing on one leg with her fifteen legs spread in all directions. Based on the style, Pahari School of painting can be distinguished in 5 sub-types: Kangra paintings belong to the school of Pahari paintings that were patronized by the Rajput rulers between the 17th and 19th centuries. He must have started painting while still quite young, for an early work, almost certainly a self-portrait, datable to around 1730, shows him, brush held in right hand, poised to paint upon a sheet of paper. The Pahari Schools (17th To 19th Centuries) The Pahari region comprises the present State of Himachal Pradesh, some adjoining areas of the Punjab, the area of Jammu in the Jammu and Kashmir State and Garhwal in Uttar Pradesh. The most authentic source is the Bahi Khata or records of pundit Ram Rakha of Hardwar. The style is naturalistic and attention was given to the details. Some painters worked for a few months at Chamba as guest artists before and after their yearly pilgrimage to Manimahesh Kailash, the land or abode of lord Shiva situated at an altitude of 13000 feet in Bharmour valley. it was painted during 1730.A.D. Crux Notes of Standard DIADEMY.com Art and Culture by Nitin Singhania. There was another celebrated family of artists, though not of the same stature as that of Seu clan. The Ajanta caves, a Buddhist cave complex in the state of Maharashtra, India, are a sequence of 29 caves dating back to 2nd century B.C.E. The miniature paintings of erstwhile states of Punjab Hills in India are known as Pahari painting. As a freelance content writer, I research the subject to write without prejudice and malice. B He has won several awards in various exhibitions and festivals organized in India. It had a distinct genre which ranged from bold and intense Basohli paintings of the Jammu region to the soft lyrical Kangra paintings. Sobha Singh and other Famous Artists of Andretta, Sir can I have the list of the sources from where you have took these facts. [4] In this painting, the Amritsar temple complex is depicted with simplicity of … Nainsukh went to Jammu, the most powerful hill state in the 18th century, under the powerful reign of Ranjit Dev. Pahari school of Painting is an umbrella term used to denote form of Indian paintings originating in the Himalayan Hill kingdoms of North India.. Pahari School of painting developed and flourished during 17th-19th centuries. The king wanted his person to be in every painting and even invited Nain Sukh into his harem bedchamber to paint the intimate moments. The lines simply glide from one plane to another. It is said that the best works done in Kangra were taken to Garhwal. At present Chandu Lal, the son of Lachman Das and grandson of Gokul is the only member of the family, who has adopted the family tradition of painting and is trying hard to revive the art. These paintings depict the game of lines, brightness of Basohli colors and extravagant decoration. The masterly and expressive works of Nainsukh find a place in Jammu School. In each of the Rajasthani and Pahari centers, artists purposely employed … The female figures were depicted with grace and beauty. It promotes the economic prosperity of the rural producers of the goods produced in a particular geographical territory. These paintings were originated in Himalayan regions and are mostly done in miniature form. The observation by a reputed art critic indicates that as far as paintings and drawings were concerned, the artists were quite deft, but lacked the knowledge of division and creative use of spaces. The mound is drawn in typical Rajasthan style. In 1780 A.D., the ‘Gular Kalam’ was at its peak. The fort of Kangra was prominent in medieval times. It was the family of Dhuman or Ghuman. The Chamba paintings are known for their fineness in naturalism, freshness in colors and delicacy in execution. The leftover is not very enlightening, though a few contain the name of their creators. Typically in these miniatures about 19 natural colors are used. Nothing much is known about him and his family, but his paintings show meticulous weaving of portraiture and scenic views. An anecdote goes that in a conference of about 25 feudal lords of hill states at Mandi, a number of artists came to try their luck. The influence of paintings from Gujarat and Deccan can also be seen in them. Pahari painting blends Mughal realism with classical symbolism. The Pahari School of Miniature Paintings consists of the works of a large number of talented artists who contributed to developing this unique style of painting. After the death of Balwant Singh, the famous artist Nain Sukh went to Nurpur with his sons. Thank You. This poison is extracted naturally from the poisonous plants and soot of the smoke that gathers at the roofs of temples where the holy fire of Yagna burns continuously. The whole of this area was divided into small States ruled by the Rajput princes and were often engaged in welfare. Nurpur, Kangra, Guler Kullu, Basholi, Mankot, and Jammu were employed by these Rajas. The brush used for the painting was also sometimes made from the wings of local birds preferably that of a peacock. He painted many portraits of the king engaged in different moods and a variety of courtly activities. Sobha Singh and other Famous Artists of Andretta. He patronized Nain Sukh to the extent that he was even permitted to visit the King in privacy. Rup Chand (1610-1635), Bikram Singh (1635-1661) and Dalip Singh (1695-1743), too were having a long tradition of miniature paintings due to their association with the Mughals. Mandi, Suket, Kehloor, Nadaun, Jaswan, Shiba, Datarpur, Sujanpur, Nurpur and Baskoli, Three names are also mentioned viz. The members of these families as per their traditions make paintings, bang- dwaries or decorative panels for doors or windows and drawings of marriage ceremonies and other rituals even today. All the Rajahs of Chamba viz. The Pahari painting Krishna with Gopi’s belongs to Basholi school of art. In 1665 AD, Nikka reached Chamba from Guler with Basohli style and painted the picture portraits of Raj Singh and his son Jeet Singh (17p4- 1808 AD). The 84-year-old has worked with the Mughal, Rajasthani, and Deccani styles too, but he keeps returning to the Pahari masters. A few paintings of this school bear the name of Jamil Mussavir. ... which originates from Chitoor in the same state. Museum has only small collection of wall painting from Chamba Rangmahal . On coming back they would scrutinize the progress. Pahari painting is an umbrella term used for one style of India painting originating from the Hill kingdoms of the North India. Attra the grandson of Nikka (another son of Nain Sukh), as mentioned in the records of Pandas of Haridwar, also worked in Chamba court. Two hundred years later it was besieged by the ruler of Kashmir. B.N. These paintings belong to 18 th-19 th century A.D. The ladies in the family were the main inspirations behind the works of the artists. Krishna and Radha looking into a mirror, 1800 AD. Another young artist Vijay Sharma has excelled in Pahari paintings in general and the Chamba paintings in particular. Another exquisite feature of these paintings is the use of natural poison to protect the miniatures from decay. Pahari School of painting developed and flourished during 17th-19th centuries. These paintings began under the Mughal influence during the reign of Aurangzeb. The Kangra paintings feature plants, flowers rivulets meadows. Goswamy, b. Hills are popular for their natural beauty, snow clad peaks and natural forests containing waterfalls and swift streams. Phad Painting This painting belongs to Rajasthan. Pahari painting is the name given to Rajput paintings, made in the in the Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir states of India. Indian Pahari paintings have been done mostly in miniature forms. till 650 C.E. Spread over an area of 55,673 km2 (21,495 sq mi), area wise it ranks 17thin India. Though the Pahari style of miniature paintings originated in the hill states of Mankot, Jasrota, Basholi and Jammu, yet it flourished only in Kangra. His son Rajah Bhup Chand (1790–1826) continues the family tradition. Finally, on the white coating, the colors were filled. That is why most of the art historians do not agree with the paintings of Maula Ram. From Guler School, the famous family of Seu and his two sons, Manak and Nainsukh created history in establishing different schools. They possessed a script designed on a paper of Sialkot origin, wherein the figure of the goddess of art in the form of Yogini was drawn. It remained one of the very few hill states rich in beauty and natural resources even after, and attracted the attention of Muslim rulers like Muhammad Tughluq in the 14th century and later the Mughals after 1600 AD. The facial features of well modeled natural figures in the early Basohli paintings have oval shapes, receding foreheads and large passionate eyes resembling the petals of a lotus. It stretched from Jammu to Almora in the sub-Himalayan region Himachal Pradesh. Patronized mostly by Rajput Kings, these paintings are often said to be inspired by Mughal paintings which were spread and promoted by the Mughal emperors. This style reached its zenith during the reign of Maharaja Sansar Chand Katoch. It was the outcome of family tradition and the centuries of hard work. After the fall of the feudal system, he adopted this art and has created some beautiful paintings. Notably Basohli, Mankot, Nurpur, Chamba, Kangra, Guler, Mandi, and Garhwal. The fleecy caricatures of cows and calves resemble more like wolves. These paintings have soft, vivid, harmonious and bold colors. The silk was a fine threadwork and it was not possible to segregate the threads from one another. His brother Manku was another artist of Pahari School of paintings. These minute works show the patience, dedication and painstaking labor of the artists. Lal Singh the son of Ranjha was patronized by the feudal lords of Pahari states. The Pahari paintings have different schools or styles because they had several patrons like the rulers of Basohli, Guler, Kangra, Chamba, Tehri - Garhwal, Nurpur, Mankot, Mandi, Kullu, Bilaspur etc. It contains the writings of one celebrated artist, NainSukh in Dogri script. Some artists had been working there since the times of his father Dalip Singh. Goswamy says, “Locating information on the painter, who belongs … The Chamba paintings were developed during the reign of Umed Singh (1748-1764 AD) and Raj Singh (1764- 1794 AD). Topics: Pahari, Indian Painting, Culture, Heritage 17349 Views They are Usha- Anirudh, Krishna- Rukmini and Krishna – Sudama. The art of miniature paintings which brought name and fame for the state and the country from all over the world is dying due to the apathetic attitude of the government. f The Pahari School of Miniature Painting Origin and Development:- Gular is the supposed to be the place of origin of Pahari School according to different scholars. The states mentioned in these paintings are Guler, Chamba, Kangra. Dr Ohri concludes that the existence of this Indian ancient trait of the painting noticeable in the Punjab Hills proves the continuity of the old tradition of Indian painting in Pahri painting. It was during his reign that the Kangra and Guler Schools flourished. There atmosphere and outlook in the paintings have Mughal architecture and building design, with well decorated and furnished drawing rooms. The transparent touch of Kangra paintings has equally overwhelmed the art connoisseurs and critics. These paintings find a respectable and prominent place in the famous museums and art galleries of the world. Besides these natural colors, gold dust is also used to give the desired shine and glow to different scenes like that of sunset in the miniatures. There is no balance between the two. Paintings of Uttarakhand range from the folk arts of the women of Kumaon to the most exquisite miniature arts of Garhwal. It was the golden period of Pahari miniatures. Kangra Valley in Himachal Pradesh|Wikimedia commons The Mughal influence on the painting can be best seen in the treatment of naturalistic landscapes. The normal technique for these wall panels were fresco worked over with tempera. Notable places where this school of painting flourished include Basohli, Mankot, Nurpur, Chamba, Kangra, Guler, Mandi, and Garhwal. Whilst Ragamala painting enjoyed much popularity throughout India in the 17th century and 18th century, it is really in the Punjab foothills of the Himalayas, the Pahari region that it flourished. It is almost certain that among many of the artists, who migrated from Delhi and Punjab to the hill states was one named “Seu”. During the siege of Delhi by Nadir Shah, many more artists left Delhi for the hill states. The popular paintings of this school bear the names of its artists. The portraits consist of the paintings of the rulers of Chamba and the adjoining states, In Chamba portraits, the ruler and his consort are shown with the heir apparent in a homely atmosphere. He had displayed his work in Himachal Utsav in London, Hamburg, and Frankfurt in Germany. mylindaelliott from Louisiana on April 12, 2014: Very interesting and beautiful work. They have opened their studios in the town. There is another theory that Manku might have gone to Garhwal himself as many people the Kangra state during the reign of Raja Anirudh Chand. Like the Pahari style, there are two types of paintings in Bhuri Singh Museum of Chamba. This category has the following 9 subcategories, out of 9 total. Most of the art critics mention him as a pundit, but according to the documents, he was not a Brahmin but a carpenter. The credit to begin the Pahari style of paintings goes to Rajah Kripal Pal (1678-1731), of Basohli, who was the first patron in the region. It is still not too late to start a school of paintings employing local artists, who have the technical know-how, skills, techniques, indigenous colors and handmade papers. Some of the paintings of this genre owe a lot to these artists. During Janam Ashtami and Radha Ashtami, the devotees from far flung areas undertake a long and arduous journey on foot to Kailash and return after taking a holy dip in the Dal Lake. provides credence to the theory that the art of’ tanning• skins was perfected by man. It was painted in tempera medium on paper. This painting belongs to the Bhagavata series which is the work of a Mankot artist in the Basohli idiom. Anirudh Chand of Kangra married his two daughters to Raja Sudarshan Shah of Garhwal and the paintings in Kangra style were also gifted away to the Garhwal ruler. And Kangra style are perfect and natural: Pahari pahari painting belongs to which state Indian painting, a umbrella term used to temporarily... Continues the family tradition now known as Pahari miniature paintings from Basohli, Chamba, 1690-1700.! Kangra painting was given in 2015 a workshop and exhibition were organized Dharamsala... 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